1. Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399:629–55.
2. O'Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. 2016.
3. Hetta HF, Khalaf FR, Kotb AA, Alatawi MN, Albalawi AS, Alharbi AA, et al. Taming superbugs: current progress and challenges in combating ESKAPE pathogens. Pathogens. 2026;15:28.
4. Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Al-Kadmy IMS. Editorial for special issue “Antibiotic combination therapy: a strategy to overcome bacterial resistance.” Biomedicines. 2025;13:129.
5. Hetta HF, Sirag N, Alsharif SM, Alharbi AA, Alkindy TT, Alkhamali A, et al. Antimicrobial peptides: the game-changer in the epic battle against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17:1555.
6. Hetta HF, Ramadan YN, Rashed ZI, Alharbi AA, Alsharef S, Alkindy TT, et al. Quorum sensing inhibitors: an alternative strategy to win the battle against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Molecules. 2024;29:3466.
7. Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AK, Wertheim HF, Sumpradit N, et al. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:1057–98.
8. Hegde NR. The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance. In: Mothadaka MP, Vaiyapuri M, Rao Badireddy M, Nagarajrao Ravishankar C, Bhatia R, Jena J, editors. Handbook on antimicrobial resistance: current status, trends in detection and mitigation measures. Singapore: Springer; 2023. p. 1–35.
9. Lipsitch M, Siber GR. How can vaccines contribute to solving the antimicrobial resistance problem? MBio. 2016.
10. Seeberger PH. Discovery of semi- and fully-synthetic carbohydrate vaccines against bacterial infections using a medicinal chemistry approach. Chem Rev. 2021;121:3598–626.
11. Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, et al. Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:140–6.
12. Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Sparrow E, Cameron AM, Sati H, Srikantiah P, Gottlieb S, et al. The role of vaccines in reducing antimicrobial resistance: a review of potential impact of vaccines on AMR and insights across 16 vaccines and pathogens. Vaccine. 2024;42:S1–8.
13. Costanzo V, Roviello GN. The potential role of vaccines in preventing antimicrobial resistance (AMR): an update and future perspectives. Vaccines. 2023.
14. WHO. Better use of vaccines could reduce antibiotic use by 2.5 billion doses annually, says WHO. 2024.
15. Klugman KP, Black S. Impact of existing vaccines in reducing antibiotic resistance: primary and secondary effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:12896–901.
16. Vekemans J, Hasso-Agopsowicz M, Kang G, Hausdorff WP, Fiore A, Tayler E, et al. Leveraging vaccines to reduce antibiotic use and prevent antimicrobial resistance: a World Health Organization action framework. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e1011–7.
17. Organization, W.H. WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance, to guide research, development, and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance; World Health Organization. 2024.
18. Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, et al. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:318–27.
19. Micoli F, Bagnoli F, Rappuoli R, Serruto D. The role of vaccines in combatting antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19:287–302.
