KING'S College LONDON Founded 1829 fvAcvr \ \c^\^ , Library 200777571 1 KING'S COLLEGE LONDON THlc EXTRA" % PHARMACOPEIA BY WILLIAM MARTINDALE, F.L.S., F.C.S. Laie President and Examiner of the Pharmaceutical Society, AND VV. WYNN WESTCOTT, M.B.Lond., D.P.H. II.M.'S CORONER FOR NORTH-EAST LONDON, TENTH EDITION. LONDON: . K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STREET, W.C 1901. \AU Rights Rcseivtd), (-.. ^ ' '''^i- ' , 3 LOVE ANB WTsrA>, T.TD. rniNTEHS, CKEAT QUBln STBBET, LOXDOK, W.C.
SixcE the liublication of the last British PharmacopoBia a new edition of the Pharmacoi:)a3a Germanica has been jiublished ; an Indian and Colonial Addendum to the British PharmacoiDoeia 1898, and a Supplement to the Austrian Pharmacoposia. as well as a revision of the Formulary of the British Pharmaceutical Conference have been issued, and most of the London Hospitals have had their Pharmacopoeias revised in accordance with the official work of 18'JS. In preparini^- this — our Tenth Edition — we have, from a i^harmaceutical point of view, made a careful study of all these, jirepared abstracts from them, and noted the current literature on our subjects, so as to enable our readers to have a fair review of the condition of Pharmacy and Therapeutics at the IJresent time.
Synthetic compounds continue to be in demand. Euterprising manufacturers are desirous of press- ing- upon therapeutists and others interested in the relief of pain and suffering-, the qualities of their preparations : and, although the dream of Hoffman to produce Quinine sj^nthetically from a coal tar derivative has not been realised, yet several antipyretics have been obtained from this source, and some synthetic local anassthetics have been able to compete with Cocaine. Euphthalmine also competes with the alkaloids of vegetable origin, for producing mydriasis. The chemical products of vegetable origin have not attracted much attention, with the exception of certain Morphine Derivatives, and Pilocarpine Salts, which are now defined in a purer condition than formerly. The debate on the Solanaceous Alkaloids still continues, with the result that so far Atroscine, a crystallizable alkaloid, is found to be most useful as a mydriatic.
Among Ansesthetics, Ethyl Chloride and medica- tions thereof, have been found of service, especially in dental practice. Ethyl Chloride besides being- employed locally, can now with a suitable mask, be used for general antesthesia. Aco'in and Xirvanin are synthetic bodies possessing local anesthetic pro- perties similar to Eucaine. Aseptic Dressings — Sterilized Gauze and Wool — rather than Antiseptic Dressings are in favour for hospital work. Of Aperients, Aloetic — , Cascara — , Rhubarb — . and Senna Compounds continue to hold their place. Of the last we give a formula of an agreeable combination as an Elixir of Figs. Preparations of Turpeth Root and of Kaladana are introduced into the Indian and Colonial Addendum to the British Pharmacopceia. The Arsenical contamination of Sulphuric Acid, and of the numerous products in which its aid is em- ployed, has rendered great care necessary in the production of the latter for use in medicine. Of Astringents internal, Tanocol and Honthin are noted in the following pages, and of those intended for external use and as mild caustics, a niunber of silver combinations, known as Argonin, Largin. Col- largol, Ichthargan, and Protargol have attracted attention. Counter-irritants are represented by Mylabris. a blistering fly from the East, rich in Cantharidin, and by additional Capsicum and Mustard preparations. Some pre-digested Food, and Blood Preparations are likewise noted. For Gastric Diseases certain Bismuth Compounds have been added to our medicaments— the Benzoate, Oxybromide, ' Phosphate.' Sulphocarbolate. Sulpho- cyanide and a Sedative Mixture of Bismuth. Calcium Peroxide is recommended for infantile dyspepsia. As Germicides. Hydrogen Peroxide meets with favour in France and America for anti- septic lotions, and solutions of Mercuric Ethyleiie- diamine Salts are suggested as skin detergents. For internal nse the Persulphates are worthy of atten- tion. For Gout and Rhevimatism. Amyl Salicylate is commended for use externally, and Aspirin. Aceto- pyrin, Piperidine Tartrate and Guaiacolate, Qumio Acid, and Lithium— .Piperazine— and Urotropme (Juiuates, as well as Urea and its combination with Salicylic Acid, known as Ursal. are used internally. As Heemostatics, Cupri-Aseptol, Erigeron Cana- dense Oil, and Gelatin solution injected hypoder- mically are finding favour. As Hypnotics and §eAs Nervine Sedatives a Bromine Compound, Brominoleum (Bromipin) a brominized oil is used, and lodinoleum (lodipin) a corresponding Iodine preparation, as well as Hydriodol, an oily solution of Mercuric Iodide, have been recommended for Speciflc Diseases. As Nervine and Cardiac Tonics. Barium Chloride, the Salts of Gold, and Glycerophcsphate Preparations, Dioitaline, Di;4i- toxin and the Concentrated Infusion of Digitalis hold their own and have merited notice in the following- pages. In Ophthalmic Surgery, the (.'astor Oil Solutions of the bases Atropine, Atros- cine. Cocaine, Duboisine, Gelsemine. Homatropine. Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, Physostigmine, Pilocar- pine, and Scopolamine are proving worthy of the more careful therapeutic investigation of these alkaloids. The prevalence of Phthisis has been lessened within the last fifty years by sanitation, the ' mountain ' and the ' open air ' treatments, and by various medicinal agents. Some of these last have not proved a great success, such as Carbon Dioxide and Sulphuretted Hydrogen by rectal in- jections, Tuberculin, Zinc Chloride, and Potassiiim Cantharidatc by hypodermic injections, and Aniline Inhalations. There have been, however, benefi- cial results from Cod Liver Oil and Quinine, the Hypophosphites, and fi-om Creosote and Guaiacol compounds. Latterly the treatments by Arsenic and Cacodyle compounds of Hoff and G autier. which have attracted considerable attention, appear also to be giving satisfactory results. The prophylactic treat- ment for those who, like the child of a phthisical mother, may be brought in contact with tuberculous patients, is one which is also receiving due con- sideration, and there are numerous preparations for the complete disinfection of the ejections, emanations, and effluvia of diseased patients. In Skin Diseases, new Pyrogallol, Naphthol Chrysarobiu, and Resorcin derivatives, and compounds of IcMhyol are commended to notice for topical use, whilst Sassafras Oil for pedi- culi, and Nicotine Salicylate for parasitic skin diseases are proving- successful. As Emollients. Gelanthum and other Lubricants are useful bases* for skin applications. For Syphilis, Calcium lodate proves a substitute for Iodoform, and internally an intestinal antiseptic : while Mercurial Preparations, such as Hyrg-ol (a colloid form of Mercury). Hyd- riodol before mentioned, and Mercuriol or Mercur- amalgam worn in a sachet, are recommended. Bffcrcurol, a Nuclein compound of Mercury, is used in Urinary Diseases. For the latter also we prive a series of medicinal compounds prepared from Copai- ba and Yellow Santal ^^'ood. Vanadium compounds have been used as tonics, but arc unstable ; whilst preparations of Yeast are proving serviceable iu the treatment of boils, carbuncles, cancer, and septicemia. A group of Tseniacides is referred to, and a class of TrituratioDs and Levigations. which contain respectively in and ' per cent, of active medicines diluted with Jlilk Sugar, will prove worthy of notice. The Medical References from current literature have been accepted after due consideration, and the Therapeutic Index of Diseases has lieen increased to accord therewith. The Sections on Antitoxins, Serums. Vaccines, and Animal Organotherapy have been carefully revised — in this we have had the assistance of Professor Sims Woodhead ; while a Section devoted to Analytical Memoranda, containing the Chemical Tests (revised). Bacteriological Notes, Microscopic Methods, and Modes of Preparation of Sterile Culture Media, has been contributed by W. Harrison Martindalc, rh,D, Marburg, who has aided in producing this edition. These changes and additions have again necessitated a judicious excision of some of the contents of former editions.The Indian and Colonial Addendum to the British Pharmacopioia (c.y^xxiv,) produced in the autumn of last year, is a collated summary of the remedies used in the Colonics, but more particularly I in India, which have not previously found official ' recognition. Most of the drugs mentioned were ■ known to us. These drugs arc now more especially brought under the notice of the medical prac- titioners of the various dependencies of the British Empire, so as to develop the resources of these, and with the idea that preparations of the drugs may be prescribed as substitutes for those already official, e.q.. Wattle Bark may replace Oak Bark (which, by the way, as Tannic Acid can now be pur- chased cheaply, has entirely fallen into disuse medically) ; Coscinium and Tinospora may replace Calumba, all of which are imported from India ; ITrginea Indica, the Indian Squill, replace the official Squill from Urginea Scilla ; Kaladana Seeds and Turpeth Root may be prescribed in place of Jalap ; Sappan. in place of Logwood ; Indian Podophyllum Resin from P. EimuU may replace that obtained from American Podophyllum Root ; in India and some Colonies, Sesame Oil and Earth-nut Oil may be employed in place of Olive Oil: Black Myrobalans, be prescribed in place of Galls : Mylabris, replace Cantharides ; Ghatti Gum, Gum Acacia; Black Catechu or •Cutch,' Pale Catechu or 'Gambler'; Indian Gam- boge, the official Gamboge ; and Bengal Kino and Botany Bay Kino, the official Kino which commercially is much more valuable. Such sugges- tions of " alternative substances," to the prescriber even, are a dangerous innovation. Sesame Oil and Arachis Oil are very good bland oils, and if in India they may be employed — well, as substitutes — for Olive Oil •• in making the official Liniments, Oint- ments and Plasters," where is the line to be drawn I To this permissive substitution is in some cases added a redundancy of drugs, c.g.^ the only kind of Botany Bay Kino of value medicinally was already official as Eucalyptus Gum ; again Aurantii Cortex Indicus is now specially introduced, whereas it is not excluded from the British PharmacopEeia if it be the bitter variety from dims Aurtnitium; var. JJi//(m/dia, " grown in India and Ceylon." Alstonia may be two very different drugs if obtained from A. (u)mtricta or ^1. scliolariti ; these we have des- cribed in several previous editions. The bark of A. comtvtcta from Australia possesses about three times the potency of Dita Bark {A. scholar from India and the Philippines. — P.J, i./oi,:-502,Many of the pharmaceutical processes in this Addendum appear not to have been tested practi- cally, e.g., in preparinof Liquid Extract of Couch Grass the drug- is directed to be ditrest-ed for six hours with five times its weight of boiling"' distilled water, and the operation is to be repeated twice. The fii-st quantity of water does little more than completely saturate the drug- : very little liquid can be poured off. so that a double quantity might as well have been added on the first occasion. The three successive infusions when mixed and evaporated with the addition of one-third of alcohol form a liquor, which after standing- twenty-four hours is directed to be filtered, but such a mucilagin- ous mixture cannot be filtered. In the formula for Extractum G-rindelias Liquidum distilled water 10 ounces are ordered. At least 1 .5 or more ounces are required for the process. In making Acetum Urg-inea3 (corresponding- to Acetum gcilla?). the Indian Squill is to be bruised ; whether in the fresh or dried state is not stated, which makes the pre- paration a very indefijiite one. Some of the drugs, if introduced on their own merits, might prove of service, but we question if many of them will meet with any general recognition even in India or the Colonies.WM. MARTIXDALE. 10, New Cavendish St., W.WM. WYN'X WESTCOTT. 39B, Camden Road, X
As Nervine Sedatives a Bromine Compound, Brominoleum (Bromipin) a brominized oil is used, and lodinoleum (lodipin) a corresponding Iodine preparation, as well as Hydriodol, an oily solution of Mercuric Iodide, have been recommended for Speciflc Diseases. As Nervine and Cardiac Tonics. Barium Chloride, the Salts of Gold, and Glycerophcsphate Preparations, Dioitaline, Di;4i- toxin and the Concentrated Infusion of Digitalis hold their own and have merited notice in the following- pages. In Ophthalmic Surgery, the (.'astor Oil Solutions of the bases Atropine, Atros- cine. Cocaine, Duboisine, Gelsemine. Homatropine. Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, Physostigmine, Pilocar- pine, and Scopolamine are proving worthy of the more careful therapeutic investigation of these alkaloids. The prevalence of Phthisis has been lessened within the last fifty years by sanitation, the ' mountain ' and the ' open air ' treatments, and by various medicinal agents. Some of these last have not proved a great success, such as Carbon Dioxide and Sulphuretted Hydrogen by rectal in- jections, Tuberculin, Zinc Chloride, and Potassiiim Cantharidatc by hypodermic injections, and Aniline Inhalations. There have been, however, benefi- cial results from Cod Liver Oil and Quinine, the Hypophosphites, and fi-om Creosote and Guaiacol compounds. Latterly the treatments by Arsenic and Cacodyle compounds of Hoff and G autier. which have attracted considerable attention, appear also to be giving satisfactory results. The prophylactic treat- ment for those who, like the child of a phthisical mother, may be brought in contact with tuberculous patients, is one which is also receiving due con- sideration, and there are numerous preparations for the complete disinfection of the ejections, emanations, and effluvia of diseased patients. In Skin Diseases, new Pyrogallol, Naphthol Chrysarobiu, and Resorcin derivatives, and compounds of IcMhyol are commended to notice for topical use, whilst Sassafras Oil for pedi- culi, and Nicotine Salicylate for parasitic skin diseases are proving- successful. As Emollients. Gelanthum and other Lubricants are useful bases* for skin applications. For Syphilis, Calcium lodate proves a substitute for Iodoform, and internally an intestinal antiseptic : while Mercurial Preparations, such as Hyrg-ol (a colloid form of Mercury). Hyd- riodol before mentioned, and Mercuriol or Mercur- amalgam worn in a sachet, are recommended. Bffcrcurol, a Nuclein compound of Mercury, is used in Urinary Diseases. For the latter also we prive a series of medicinal compounds prepared from Copai- ba and Yellow Santal ^^'ood. Vanadium compounds have been used as tonics, but arc unstable ; whilst preparations of Yeast are proving serviceable iu the treatment of boils, carbuncles, cancer, and septicemia. A group of Tseniacides is referred to, and a class of TrituratioDs and Levigations. which contain respectively in and ' per cent, of active medicines diluted with Jlilk Sugar, will prove worthy of notice. The Medical References from current literature have been accepted after due consideration, and the Therapeutic Index of Diseases has lieen increased to accord therewith. The Sections on Antitoxins, Serums. Vaccines, and Animal Organotherapy have been carefully revised — in this we have had the assistance of Professor Sims Woodhead ; while a Section devoted to Analytical Memoranda, containing the Chemical Tests (revised). Bacteriological Notes, Microscopic Methods, and Modes of Preparation of Sterile Culture Media, has been contributed by W. Harrison Martindalc, rh,D, Marburg, who has aided in producing this edition. These changes and additions have again necessitated a judicious excision of some of the contents of former editions.
The Indian and Colonial Addendum to the British Pharmacopioia (c.y^xxiv,) produced in the autumn of last year, is a collated summary of the remedies used in the Colonics, but more particularly I in India, which have not previously found official ' recognition. Most of the drugs mentioned were ■ known to us. These drugs arc now more especially brought under the notice of the medical prac- titioners of the various dependencies of the British Empire, so as to develop the resources of these, and with the idea that preparations of the drugs may be prescribed as substitutes for those already official, e.q.. Wattle Bark may replace Oak Bark (which, by the way, as Tannic Acid can now be pur- chased cheaply, has entirely fallen into disuse medically) ; Coscinium and Tinospora may replace Calumba, all of which are imported from India ; ITrginea Indica, the Indian Squill, replace the official Squill from Urginea Scilla ; Kaladana Seeds and Turpeth Root may be prescribed in place of Jalap ; Sappan. in place of Logwood ; Indian Podophyllum Resin from P. EimuU may replace that obtained from American Podophyllum Root ; in India and some Colonies, Sesame Oil and Earth-nut Oil may be employed in place of Olive Oil: Black Myrobalans, be prescribed in place of Galls : Mylabris, replace Cantharides ; Ghatti Gum, Gum Acacia; Black Catechu or •Cutch,' Pale Catechu or 'Gambler'; Indian Gam- boge, the official Gamboge ; and Bengal Kino and Botany Bay Kino, the official Kino which commercially is much more valuable. Such sugges- tions of " alternative substances," to the prescriber even, are a dangerous innovation. Sesame Oil and Arachis Oil are very good bland oils, and if in India they may be employed — well, as substitutes — for Olive Oil •• in making the official Liniments, Oint- ments and Plasters," where is the line to be drawn I To this permissive substitution is in some cases added a redundancy of drugs, c.g.^ the only kind of Botany Bay Kino of value medicinally was already official as Eucalyptus Gum ; again Aurantii Cortex Indicus is now specially introduced, whereas it is not excluded from the British PharmacopEeia if it be the bitter variety from dims Aurtnitium; var. JJi//(m/dia, " grown in India and Ceylon." Alstonia may be two very different drugs if obtained from A. (u)mtricta or ^1. scliolariti ; these we have des- cribed in several previous editions. The bark of A. comtvtcta from Australia possesses about three times the potency of Dita Bark {A. scholar from India and the Philippines. — P.J, i./oi,:-502,
Many of the pharmaceutical processes in this Addendum appear not to have been tested practi- cally, e.g., in preparinof Liquid Extract of Couch Grass the drug- is directed to be ditrest-ed for six hours with five times its weight of boiling"' distilled water, and the operation is to be repeated twice. The fii-st quantity of water does little more than completely saturate the drug- : very little liquid can be poured off. so that a double quantity might as well have been added on the first occasion. The three successive infusions when mixed and evaporated with the addition of one-third of alcohol form a liquor, which after standing- twenty-four hours is directed to be filtered, but such a mucilagin- ous mixture cannot be filtered. In the formula for Extractum G-rindelias Liquidum distilled water 10 ounces are ordered. At least 1 .5 or more ounces are required for the process. In making Acetum Urg-inea3 (corresponding- to Acetum gcilla?). the Indian Squill is to be bruised ; whether in the fresh or dried state is not stated, which makes the pre- paration a very indefijiite one. Some of the drugs, if introduced on their own merits, might prove of service, but we question if many of them will meet with any general recognition even in India or the Colonies.
WM. MARTIXDALE. 10, New Cavendish St., W.
WM. WYN'X WESTCOTT. 39B, Camden Road, X
