Helen Frankenthaler Foundation

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Glucagon

Glucagon is a peptide hormone that increases blood glucose by stimulating hepatic glycogen breakdown. Used in hypoglycemia emergencies. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, and transient blood pressure changes.

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Product Description

Mechanism of Action

ID 26266 is a research‑grade compound that demonstrates a multi‑layered biochemical activity profile. Its effects arise through coordinated modulation of enzymatic cascades, high‑affinity receptor binding, post‑translational regulation and structural interactions with intracellular effector molecules. At the cellular level, the compound influences phosphorylation–dephosphorylation cycles, alters mitochondrial bioenergetics, rebalances oxidative stress pathways, and modulates calcium‑dependent signalling nodes. Its mechanistic footprint extends into transcriptional regulatory networks, where it can affect chromatin accessibility, gene expression stability, and the activation threshold of stress‑response transcription factors.

Depending on concentration, exposure duration and cellular phenotype, the compound may act as a signal amplifier, a selective inhibitor of metabolic bottlenecks, or a regulatory dampener for hyperactive pathways. Its physiochemical structure suggests steric complementarity to enzyme pockets, with likely engagement of hydrogen‑bond networks and hydrophobic stabilization forces influencing downstream activity.

Benefits and Advantages

This compound offers broad utility across biochemical, cellular and preclinical research domains. Its reproducible mechanistic behaviour makes it suitable for:

  • Pathway validation in kinase‑ and phosphatase‑dependent systems
  • Receptor activation/inhibition experiments in endocrine, metabolic and immunologic models
  • Multi‑omics profiling, including transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics
  • Stress‑response modelling involving ROS balance, mitochondrial function and cellular resilience mechanisms
  • High‑resolution SAR (structure–activity relationship) investigations
  • Pharmacodynamic simulation studies for dose–response optimisation

Because of its predictable biochemical footprint, the compound is frequently used as a reference standard for assessing new molecular candidates, benchmarking pathway perturbation sensitivity and calibrating screening platforms.

Side Effects and Risks

Observed or theoretically predicted risks include mitochondrial overload, disruption of redox homeostasis, membrane‑integrity perturbation and unscheduled apoptosis or autophagy induction at high doses. Off‑target receptor binding may modify unintended signalling axes such as MAPK, JNK, NF‑κB or PI3K/AKT pathways. Chronic or excessive exposure may influence calcium flux, impair proteostasis, or interfere with cytoskeletal dynamics.

Use of the compound should be limited to controlled laboratory environments with appropriate biosafety measures, including dose titration, controlled handling procedures and protective containment. It is not intended for human or veterinary use.

Datasheet

Molecular FormulaC153H225N43O49S
Molecular Weight3482.7 g/mol
CAS Number9007-92-5
Storage ConditionGlucagon powder for injection should be stored at 15-30 degrees C. … Solutions of the drug are stable … when stored at 5 degrees C.
SolubilitySOL IN DIL ALKALI & ACID SOLN; INSOL IN MOST ORG SOLVENTS
PurityPurity information is available upon request (COA).
SynonymGLUCAGON; Glucagonum; Glucagone; Glukagon Novo; Glucagon, pig
IUPAC/Chemical Name(3S)-3-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methylsulfanyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
InChl KeyMASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N
InChl CodeInChI=1S/C153H225N43O49S/c1-72(2)52-97(133(226)176-96(47-51-246-11)132(225)184-104(60-115(159)209)143(236)196-123(78(10)203)151(244)245)179-137(230)103(58-83-64-167-89-29-19-18-28-87(83)89)183-131(224)95(43-46-114(158)208)177-148(241)120(74(5)6)194-141(234)101(54-79-24-14-12-15-25-79)182-138(231)105(61-117(211)212)185-130(223)94(42-45-113(157)207)171-124(217)75(7)170-127(220)91(31-22-49-165-152(160)161)172-128(221)92(32-23-50-166-153(162)163)174-146(239)110(69-199)191-140(233)107(63-119(215)216)186-134(227)98(53-73(3)4)178-135(228)99(56-81-33-37-85(204)38-34-81)180-129(222)90(30-20-21-48-154)173-145(238)109(68-198)190-136(229)100(57-82-35-39-86(205)40-36-82)181-139(232)106(62-118(213)214)187-147(240)111(70-200)192-150(243)122(77(9)202)195-142(235)102(55-80-26-16-13-17-27-80)188-149(242)121(76(8)201)193-116(210)66-168-126(219)93(41-44-112(156)206)175-144(237)108(67-197)189-125(218)88(155)59-84-65-164-71-169-84/h12-19,24-29,33-40,64-65,71-78,88,90-111,120-123,167,197-205H,20-23,30-32,41-63,66-70,154-155H2,1-11H3,(H2,156,206)(H2,157,207)(H2,158,208)(H2,159,209)(H,164,169)(H,168,219)(H,170,220)(H,171,217)(H,172,221)(H,173,238)(H,174,239)(H,175,237)(H,176,226)(H,177,241)(H,178,228)(H,179,230)(H,180,222)(H,181,232)(H,182,231)(H,183,224)(H,184,225)(H,185,223)(H,186,227)(H,187,240)(H,188,242)(H,189,218)(H,190,229)(H,191,233)(H,192,243)(H,193,210)(H,194,234)(H,195,235)(H,196,236)(H,211,212)(H,213,214)(H,215,216)(H,244,245)(H4,160,161,165)(H4,162,163,166)/t75-,76+,77+,78+,88-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,120-,121-,122-,123-/m0/s1
Referenceshttps://www.frankenthalerfoundation.org
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