Author: G. Gregory Haff
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G. Gregory Haff, PhD
Department of Human Performance and Applies Exercise Physiology Division of Exercise Physiology West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown, WV 26506-9227 USA
ISBN: 978-1-58829-611-5 e-ISBN: 978-1-59745-302-8 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-302-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007932994 © 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512 USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
The Essentials of Sports Nutrition Study Guide serves as a resource companion to Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements (2008), the official textbook for the International Society of Sports Nutrition’s (ISSN) certification in sports nutrition. The Study Guide is designed to assist you in understanding and mastering the text content that is necessary to achieve certification. Materials covered focus on terms, key words, concepts, and other associated topics. To accomplish the goals of this text, each chapter follows the official text closely, allowing students to work through specific content areas. At the end of each chapter, there are sample quizzes. Answers to all sample quizzes are presented in the Appendix of the Study Guide. The Study Guide is designed to allow the student to work through major content areas as they read the Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements text. Education-based research suggests that material is best learned when students first read material and then write or work through exercises that require them to apply the material they have just covered. The Study Guide is designed to facilitate this by engaging students with materials that relate to the information presented in the Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements text. Students are strongly encouraged to use the two texts concurrently, thus engaging in the process of active reading and active learning. The Study Guide was created as a learning tool to help students prepare for the International Society of Sports Nutrition’s certification in sports nutrition. I have been truly honored to be associated with the creation of a study guide that will help prepare students for the rigors of the ISSN’s certification. I wish you the best of luck as you prepare and eventually move into the profession. G. Gregory Haff, PhD Morgantown, WV
First, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Jose Antonio for asking me to participate in this project. I am deeply honored that the ISSN has sought my involvement in this project. Second, I thank Dr. Michael Stone for inspiring me as a researcher, teaching me how to be a sports scientist, and for being more than a mentor—a true friend. Third, I thank all of my undergraduate and graduate students. You inspire me daily to be the best I can be. Your desire to learn and passion for exercise science make me excited to come to work every day. Finally, I thank the most important person in my life, my wife Erin, for allowing me to pursue all of my dreams and for believing in me no matter what challenges are thrust before me. Without you, I am nothing, and I appreciate all that you do for me. G. Gregory Haff, PhD Morgantown, WV
As you prepare for the International Society of Sports Nutrition’s certification in sports nutrition, this study guide can serve as a valuable tool to help you understand and master the material presented in the Essentials of Sports Nutrition and Supplements. The best approach is to first read a specific chapter in the Essentials text. After completely reading a chapter, open the corresponding chapter in the Study Guide. Read the chapter objectives so that you can focus on the major areas of emphasis. You can then begin working through the learning exercises. Two approaches can be used: 1) you can use the Study Guide to test your knowledge of what you have read in the Essentials text, or 2) you can work through each learning exercise in conjunction with rereading the individual sections of the corresponding chapter in the Essentials text. The second approach allows for the student to do two things: 1) read the material, and 2) reread the material while actively working through specific exercises. After completing the learning exercises, look at the Review of Terminology and Important Abbreviations sections to make sure you understand each of the terms and abbreviations. Finally, there are 20 practice questions associated with each chapter that you can use as practice exams to test how well you have mastered the material in each chapter. G. Gregory Haff, PhD Morgantown, WV
Objectives On the completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Understand the different energy systems used for physical activity. 2. Know how to apply your knowledge of exercise bioenergetics to athletic training programs. 3. Understand how the principle of training specificity relates to exercise bioenergetics.
Exercise 1: Basic Introductory Definitions ________ is often considered to be the capacity to do work or to cause change. Define and give an example of energy transfer: Bioenergetics is the _____________________________________________. What three things are related to the study of bioenergetics? 1. 2. 3.
Exercise 2: Understanding Thermodynamics What are the two components of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? 1. 2. The transfer of high energy content to low energy content is an example of a __________________. Explain what happens during combustion. In this explanation, discuss the major players. The greater the content of e− and H+ within a fuel the ______ the energy content present in that fuel source. What are the two low energy end products of combustion? 1. 2. The biologic equivalent of combustion is termed ____________________. When examining the transfer of heat to mechanical motion, define the following terms: Heat: Temperature: Efficiency: Give examples of the efficiency of energy transfer for the following engines: Steam engine: Gasoline powered engine: Diesel engine: Human pedaling a bicycle: Define the 1st Law of Thermodynamics:
Exercise 3: Energy Transfer Define and describe the three types of systems: 1. 2. 3. Match the term with the appropriate abbreviations: Enthalpy: A: S Entropy: B: G Gibbs Constant: C: H Define the following terms: 1. Enthalpy: 2. Entropy: Taking enthalpy, entropy, and the Gibbs’ constant, write a basic equation that explains energy transfer: = + In the grand scheme of energy transfer, what does entropy represent? The total amount of energy that is available for use is termed _______, which is dependent on the total energy within a system and its immediate environment, which is represented by ______, and how much energy is unavailable or ________. Taking the concept that Gibbs’ recognized that enthalpy and entropy are the driving force behind energy transfer, write an equation that represents this. = − When looking at an open system, what two things should be considered? 1. 2. As the rate of energy transfer increases, the efficiency of energy transfer ________. Open systems are better explained in regards to a particular status in between beginning and end points. In this context, explain the following: 1. What is the symbol for the rate of energy exchange? __________ 2. What is the symbol for the extent of metabolic product formation from reactants? ____________ 3. What is the symbol for Gibbs energy? ____________ Write an equation that explains the relationship between Gibbs energy, the rate of energy exchange, and the extent of metabolic production formation from biochemical reactants. * What about an open system makes heat and entropy inevitable and continuous? What does this result in? When looking at life, explain the relationship between the food we eat and the energy available to us and the heat we produce. In this example, relate entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs energy to your discussion.
Exercise 4: Biochemistry The flow of _____ and _____ is often termed oxidation-reduction reactions by scientists. Define the two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction: 1. Oxidation: 2. Reduction: Define and describe the role of enzymes in the biochemistry of bioenergetics: Explain what allosteric regulation is and how it affects enzyme activity. Define the following terms: 1. Catabolic: 2. Anabolic: 3. Anaerobic: 4. Aerobic: ATP: The High-Energy Phosphate and More High-Energy Phosphates Define the following abbreviations: 1. ATP: 2. ADP: 3. AMP: 4. Pi: 5. CP: 6. C: What is the ratio of ATP to ADP kept at? Why is this significant? What two things does ATP turnover consist of? 1. 2. What does the rate of ATP hydrolysis dictate? What are the three single enzyme reactions that contribute to energy transfer in anaerobic metabolism? 1. Enzyme = __________________ + → + + + + + + + + + 2. Enzyme = __________________ + + → 3. Enzyme = __________________ → When creatine phosphate stores are significantly depleted, the rate at which physical work is performed is significantly ________________. What does a high concentration of lactate in the muscle and blood indicate? Explain why an athlete might consider ingesting baking soda and why this might not be the best idea. The mitochondria _____________. degrade glucose to _____________ and What are the two distinct parts of aerobic metabolism? 1. 2. What are the three alternative names for aerobic metabolism? 1. 2. 3. What coenzyme must be linked to a substrate for it to enter into the Krebs cycle? What are the names of the two special carrier molecules that e− and H+ are attached to and are used to link the first part of aerobic metabolism to the second part?
